.jpg)
ภาษาไทย
Introduction
This
section is intended as a reference and aid to help recognize and determine the
transcription of certain Thai words in the
lexicon.
There
are many exceptions and rules that are not mentioned. The pronunciation of a
consonant often differs depending on whether it stands at the beginning of a word or
syllable, or at the end. In our reference list this is indicated by putting the
pronunciation at the beginning of a syllable, followed by the pronunciation of
the consonant at the end of a syllable. Sometimes consonants are written just
once but pronounced twice. Some vowels are pronounced but not written. This
mainly applies to the vowels o and a and are called ‘silent
vowels’.
Thai is a
tonal language and there are five tones namely high, low, middle, falling and
rising. The meaning of a word changes according to its tone. These details are
lost when transcribing into Latin script. So seemingly similar words in Latin
script are different when read in Thai script. Consonants
belong to a certain class of tone. The word-tone will be determined by this
class and the changes to it are influenced by the vowels and consonants
following it, or by ‘tone marks’. In the section ‘tone rules’ the
expression a ‘living sound’ refers to a sound that has either an open syllable
ending on a long vowel or vowel combination (e.g. phaa, pai) or a closed
syllable which end sound is nasal and reverberates (e.g. phaan, ping). With a ‘dead sound’ we refer to a sound that has a closed syllable ending with an
occlusive and does not reverberate (e.g. phat) or a sound that has an open
syllable ending on a short vowel that does not reverberate, possibly with a
glottal stop (e.g. dja). See also
comparative language list.
回
Consonants
ก ..... k (hard g) - k
ข
..... kh - k
ฃ ..... kh - k (archaic)
ค ..... kh - k
ฅ ..... kh - k (archaic)
ฆ ..... kh - k
ง
.....
ng - ng
จ
.....
ch (hard j) - t
ฉ ..... ch - /
ช ..... ch - t
ซ ..... s - t
ฌ ..... ch - t
ญ ..... y (j) - n
ฎ ..... d - t
ฏ ..... t - t
ฐ ..... th - t
ฑ ..... th - t
ฒ ..... th - t
ณ ..... n - n
ด ..... d - t
ต ..... t - t
ถ ..... th - t |
ท ..... th - t
ธ ..... th - t
น ..... n - n
บ ..... b - p
ป ..... p - p
ผ ..... ph - /
ฝ ..... f - /
พ ..... ph - p
ฟ ..... f - f
ภ ..... ph - p
ม ..... m - m
ย ..... y - y (i)
ร ..... r - n
ล ..... l - n
ว ..... w - w
ศ ..... s - t
ษ ..... s - t
ส ..... s - t
ห ..... h - /
ฬ ..... l - n
อ ..... (is, or accomp. a
vowel)
ฮ ..... h - / |
See also
Photographic Alphabet
and
Alphabet Postage Stamps.
Vowels
อ
..... o (cons. used as a vowel)
อะ
..... a
อั
..... a
อา
..... aa (ah)
อำ
..... am
อิ
..... i
อี
..... ie (ih)
อึ
..... eu
อื
..... euh
อุ
..... oe
อู
..... oeh
เอ
..... e (dull e or short ae)
แอ
..... ae
โอ
..... oo (oh)
ใอ
..... ai (ay)
ไอ
..... ai (ay)
เอะ
..... e (dull e or short eu)
แอะ
..... ae (short)
โอะ
..... o (short)
เอาะ
..... o (short)
อัวะ
..... ua (short)
เอียะ .....
ia (short)
เอือะ
..... eua (short) |
เออะ
..... e (dull and short)
ออ
..... ou
อัว
..... oua
-ว-
..... oua
เอีย
..... ia
เอือ
..... eua
เออ
..... e (dull e or short eu)
เอิ
..... eu
เอา
..... ao
ออย
..... oui (ooi)
อัย
..... ai (ay)
เอือย
..... euai (euay)
อุย
..... oei
โอย
..... ooi (ooy)
อาย
..... aai (aay)
ไอย
..... ai (ay)
เอย
..... eui (ey)
อาว
..... aaw
อิว
..... iw
เอว
..... eo (aew)
เอียว
..... ieao (iaw)
แอว
..... aew
|
Numerals
|
๑ ..... 1
๒
..... 2
๓
..... 3
๔
..... 4
๕
..... 5 |
๖
..... 6
๗
..... 7
๘
..... 8
๙ ..... 9
0 ..... 0 |
|
Peculiarities
รร
..... an (double
consonant), am (when รรม)
ฤ
.....
reu (re), ri (comb. vowel/cons.)
ฤา
..... reuh (reua)
ฦ
..... leu (le) (comb. vowel/cons.)
ฦา
..... leuh
อ็
..... mai tai
ku (short o or shortens any sound)
อ์
..... mai tan takaat, kahran (silences or changes
final sound)
ฯ
..... pai yaan noi (used with abbreviations,
ฯลฯ = etc.)
ๆ
..... yamok (used for repetition)
ทร
..... s-sound (combination of consonants)
Tones (marks and rules)
Tone marks:
อ่
..... mai ek (ไม้เอก)
อ้
..... mai toh (ไม้โท)
อ๊
..... mai trih (ไม้ตรี)
อ๋
..... mai chatawah
(ไม้จัตวา)
Tone rules:
High tone class - อักษรสูง |
Midtone class -
อักษรกลาง |
Low tone class -
อักษรต่ำ |
ข (ฃ)
ฉ ฐ ถ ผ ฝ ศ ษ ส ห
mnemonic:
ฃวดของฉันใส่ถุงผ้าฝากให้เศรษฐี
|
ก จ ฎ ฏ ด ต บ ป อ
mnemonic:
ไก่จิกเด็กตายเฎ็กฏายบนปากโอ่ง |
ค (ฅ) ฆ ง ช ซ ฌ ญ ฑ ฒ ณ
ท ธ น พ ฟ ภ ม ย ร ล ว ฬ ฮ
|
living sound = rising tone
dead sound = low tone
อ่ = low tone
อ้
= falling tone |
living sound = mid tone
dead sound = low tone
อ่ = low tone
อ้
= falling tone
อ๊ = high
tone
อ๋
= rising tone |
living sound = mid tone
dead sound (short vowel) = high tone
dead sound (long vowel) = falling
tone
อ่ = falling tone
อ้
= high tone |
Note: Low tone
class consonants (fig.)
can be divided into two groups, separating consonants that have an equivalent
sounding consonant in either the high or mid tone class, from those that don't.
The first group of 14 consonants with 7 different sounds is referred to as
akson tam khoo
(อักษรต่ำคู่),
i.e.
‘associated low consonants’, the second group of 10
consonants is referred to
as
akson tam diaw (อักษรต่ำเดี่ยว), i.e.
‘single low consonants’. Hence,
there are two mnemonics for the low tone class consonants, one for each group, i.e.
พ่อค้าฟันทองซื้อช้างฮ่อ
for the 7 sounds in the group
of associated low consonants
(the mnemonic does not mention ฅ, ฆ, ฌ, ฑ, ฒ, ธ and ภ, which are consonants
with a similar sound as those used in the sentence),
and งูใหญ่นอนอยู่
ณ
ริมวัดโมฬีโลก
for the 10 single low consonants.
It may, however, be sufficient to learn just the consonants of the high tone and
midtone classes, as all the remaining consonants do than automatically belong
to the low tone class.
回
|